buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay

buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay The two parties in this case are Arizona School Tuition Organization versus Winn-Post Decision. The Arizona taxpayers criticized the constitution of Arizonas tuition tax in the federal court at the district level. The criticism was because the constitution humiliated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as it channeled money towards the private institutions that are religious but the case was given a dump and was dismissed (Shapiro, 2011). It was during the appealing that the United States court of appeal inverted case that the taxpayers stood firm in bringing forth their suit and had alleged through the establishment of the clause claim. The facts about it all were that someone who is taxpayer does not lay a stand to a foundation to seek for relief in the federal court. The assertion of the taxpayer forms a stand upon the unjustification in politics and economic matters. This case holds the facts that the Arizona taxpayers opposed the constitution that allowed for the tuition tax credit in the federal district court system (Shapiro, 2011). This was because it acted as a violator of the establishment clause of the first amendment. The program alleged of being corrupt, especially in funneling money to fund the private religious schools. The district court had to dismiss case it was during the time of appealing that the appeal court in the U.S inverted case. The legal issues held by case was about the state not holding the right to oppose a state tax credit- having an argument that the credit was against the subsidizes religious schools to violate the establishment clause just for the reason of being taxed. In that case, the respondents suit does not lie in the narrow exception to law against the taxpayer having a stand in the established flast versus Cohen, supra. The federal taxpayers had afirm stand to criticize the federal statute issuing a common treasury funding in assisting and boosting the inter alia the purchase of the religious school textbooks (Shapiro, 2011). There were to be a firm stand under the flast taxpayers that it was a must to have a link that was logic between the plaintiffs taxpayers status and the legislative enactment that was attacked, a nexus between the taxpayer and the precise nature and nurture of the constitution infringement The court had to take a stand in the federal jurisdiction. The suit was that the plaintiff must have a stand by sufficiently alleging an injury coming from the defendants against the rule of law. The courts take was that, taxpayer cannot oppose the excessive and illegal spending by the state (Shapiro, 2011). The Supreme Court identified the minimal exception to the rule in the flast versus cohen. The opinion according to Justice Kennedy was that the Arizona was to provide credits of the tax as a donation to the religious school. The Arizona Supreme Court rejected the clause establishment on the benefit of the intervention from the federal judiciary. The court was to outline that parties in search of relief must indicate their stand under the article 111 of the constitution, and the parties should be determined in the merits in the federal court. Some plaintiffs might practically show a stand based on the unswerving damage of what is considered religion establishment like a mandatory prayer in the public school classroom (Shapiro, 2011). In the majority opinions, Justice Kennedy delivered the opinion that the court held a vote of about five that the taxpayers did not have enough of Artivle111 standing to challenge the proposed scheduled program. In addition, since there was the lack of article 111, the court could not reach to appoint of questioning whether the program was to violate the establishment of the clause or not. It was after this opinion that other justices seconded his opinion. Among them were; chief Justice Roberts, Justice Scalia, Thomas, Alito, Ginsburg and Stomayor. The opinion by the justice Robert was considered more controversial and original. The opinion was that case had to be heard by the four justices before it could be presented to the courts docket, as this strengthened the function of the Supreme Courts in interpreting and applying American law. At the end, it was to reshape the court (Shapiro, 2011). The general significance of this particular case is that, despite the agreement that the Supreme Court decisions are not fungible, it is not obvious that there is a significant satisfaction to the judicial behavior has to be provided. When it comes to politics, legality and historical significance are distinguished and politically important variables based on the factor analyzing case choices of at least 15 authorities. The techniques used to find out the significant cases are analyzed critically and evaluated by having a proper comparison of their results to the list of political importance. The descriptive virtue of the new measure is found in the proportion of the significant cases by term. They also recognize opinions and their prediction, which are replica in the revision of the models and propositions analyzing the real judicial behavior. In conclusion, I support the Supreme Courts ruling .this is because the ruling favors the majority. From the opinions given, the majority accepts the ruling. The ruling of the Supreme Court is of great advantage as it protects and promotes the rights of the majority. People have their freedom and there is no violation of the rights and freedom of the citizens. Buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade The ancient Chinese invented sericulture- the production of silk fabric. They opened the silkworm cocoon to extract silk filaments, twisted the threads, and dyed the fabric they produced. Silk fabric has long been prized, and correspondingly expensive, so it was a valuable source of revenue for the Chinese, so long as they could monopolize production. Other luxury-loving people were eager to prise their secret, but the Chinese guarded it carefully, under pain of execution. Until they learned the secret, the Romans found another way to share in the profit. They manufactured silken products. The Parthians found a way to profit, too by serving as middlemen. The Chinese Monopoly on Silk Production In The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, J. Thorley argues that the Parthians (c. 200 B.C. - c. A.D. 200), serving as trading intermediaries between China and the Roman Empire, sold fancy Chinese brocades to Rome and then, using some deceit about silkworm cocoons in the Roman Empire, sold re-weavings of gauzy silk back to the Chinese. The Chinese, admittedly, lacked the technology for the weaving, but they might have been scandalized to realize they had provided the raw material. The Silk Road Prospered Although Julius Caesar may have had silk curtains made from Chinese silk, silk was in very limited supply in Rome until the time of peace and prosperity under Augustus. From the late first century to early in the second, the whole of the silk route was at peace and trade prospered as it never had before and never would again until the Mongol Empire. In Roman Imperial history, the barbarians kept pushing at the borders and clamoring to be let in. These would-be Romans had been displaced by other tribes further out. This is part of a complicated stream of events that led to the invasions of the Roman Empire by Vandals and Visigoths, nicely treated in Michael Kulikowskis The Gothic Wars. The Barbarians at the Gates Thorley says that a stream of similar border-pushing events led to the efficiently functioning silk route of the period. Nomadic tribes called the Hsiung Nu harassed the Chin dynasty (255-206 B.C.) into building the Great Wall for protection (like Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Britain were supposed to keep out the Picts). Emperor Wu Ti forced out the Hsiung Nu, so they tried to get into Turkestan. The Chinese sent forces to Turkestan and took possession of it. Once in control of Turkestan, they built trade route outposts from North China to the Tarim Basin in Chinese hands. Thwarted, the Hsiung Nu turned to their neighbors to the south and west, the Yueh-chi, driving them to the Aral Sea, where they, in turn, drove out the Scythians. The Scythians migrated to Iran and India. The Yueh-chi later followed, arriving in Sogdiana and Bactria. In the first century A.D., they migrated into Kashmir where their dynasty became known as the Kushan. Iran, to the west of the Kushan empire , came into Parthian hands after the Parthians wrested control from the Seleucids who ran the area after the death of Alexander the Great. This meant that going from west to east in about A.D. 90, the kingdoms controlling the silk route were only 4: the Romans, the Parthians, the Kushan, and the Chinese. The Parthians Become the Middlemen The Parthians persuaded the Chinese, who traveled from China, through the Kushan area of India (where they presumably paid a fee to allow them to travel through), and into Parthia, not to take their merchandise further west, making the Parthians middlemen. Thorley provides an unusual-looking list of exports from the Roman Empire that they sold to the Chinese. This is the list that contains the locally acquired silk: [G]old, silver [probably from Spain], and rare precious stones, especially the jewel that shines at night, the moonshine pearl, the chicken- frightening rhinoceros stone, corals, amber, glass, lang-kan (a kind of coral), chu-tan (cinnabar?), green jadestone, gold-embroidered rugs, and thin silk- cloth of various colours. They make gold-coloured cloth and asbestos cloth. They further have fine cloth, also called down of the water- sheep; it is made from the cocoons of wild silk-worms. They collect all kinds of fragrant substances, the juice of which they boil into storas. It wasnt until the Byzantine era that Romans really had their own silkworms. SourceThe Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, by J. Thorley. Greece Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 18, No. 1. (Apr. 1971), pp. 71-80.